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This chapter is contextual in nature. It provides an overview of the impact of COVID-19, highlighting both the significant number of deaths caused by the pandemic as well as the economic disruption that occurred. Particular attention is paid to the role of digital technologies during the pandemic, which enabled a wide range of activities (e.g. work, education and shopping) to go online. The disruptive impact of COVID-19 is widespread and far-reaching, with the pandemic acting as a 'change agent' expanding and encouraging the greater use of digital technologies. The second half of the chapter presents summaries of the other chapters in the book. In doing so, it illustrates the scope and scale of the impact of COVID-19, the multitude of different challenges it has caused, and how these varied across different regions and contexts, as well as the diversity of reactions to the pandemic. Some of these reactions are technical in nature, while others are commercial and political. The summaries also draw attention to ongoing policy debates, the significance of which has been heightened by the pandemic. © 2023 the authors.
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Young women in township spaces aspire towards lifestyles that demonstrate affluence, a different socio-economic reality than the scarcity characterising their socio-economic space. The better lifestyles these young women aspire to, contrary to their current realities, are challenging to attain due to the unemployment underlying the livelihoods of many young women. For some young women, the experiences of unemployment intersect with other socio-economic factors such as early sexual exposure, teenage pregnancies, school dropout and experience of motherhood escalating their financial difficulties. The discussion here is drawn from a study through Ethnographic observations of young women in two South African townships. The discussion elicits a comprehensive account of young women's economic hardships in which they navigate their socio-economic realities. The discussion demonstrates that young women are active agents whose inspirations and instrumentalities struggle against the dire socio-economic conditions that characterise their township space. The awareness of their immediate conditions serves to fuel their dreams towards better realities, making them resourceful in their financial approaches: which are sometimes vulnerable. The young women's resourcefulness is however impacted by the Corona virus outbreak and the resultant lockdown regulations in a way that affects how they draw from their agencies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
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The purpose of the study is to identify the specifics of the socio-economic development of the countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to determine effective tools for overcoming the crisis phenomena in the economy. The study of the growth rate of gross domestic product calculated by the expenditure method and the number of cases of coronavirus diseases were the grounds for sampling countries for the following analysis. The analysis of socio-economic indicators and identification of the development's specifics during the pandemic is carried out on the example of the United States, France, Great Britain, Spain, Italy, and Germany. Based on the analysis, the authors concluded that the least effective implementation of anti-COVID measures is in Italy and Spain, as a result of the lack of effective programs to support lending to the real sector, state support for companies in terms of maintaining employment, and making investments to support business. The German public administration system effectively used a package of anti-crisis measures based on the balance of increasing budget and extra-budgetary infusions into the economy, easing monetary policy, so the country managed to maintain investment activity at the pre-crisis level and create a serious basis for the subsequent recovery from the global economic crisis. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.
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COVID-19 (SARS-Cov-2) was declared a global pandemic by The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. The virus became a pandemic with initial small chains of spread followed by increasingly wider transmission across most countries of the world. As a result, within a short period, the virus has affected almost every continent. Even with a risk of fatality of 1%, it is now known to kill healthy adults and children as well as elderly people with underlying health problems. The virus has created fear, anxiety and panic among people everywhere. Months of living in isolation and lockdown have negatively affected the mental health of large numbers of people. Most developing and underdeveloped countries are facing severe economic crisis, together with significant societal problems. Even in developed countries, the negative outcomes are clear. Any contagious pandemic outbreak has lethal effects on individuals and society. However, the outcomes of COVID-19 have created a situation the world is unprepared for (Rashid, 2020). Not only has the virus identified the existing loopholes in our systems, it has also shown that our lives will never be the same again. This chapter intends to critically analyses on impact of COVID-19 on socio-economic and cultural milieu of global society. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022, corrected publication 2022.
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The study focuses on identifying the benefits of implementing the region's socio-economic policies according to the principles of lean production to overcome the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The author investigates the problems of socio-economic development of the regions of Russia during the COVID-19 pandemic, identifies the most significant threats to the regions (rising unemployment, falling average per capita incomes of the population, reduction of regional budgets and growth of regional public debt). The author proved that the principles of lean production can be successfully implemented as fundamental in the implementation of the socio-economic policy of the region. The focus of regional socio-economic policies during the pandemic should be the optimization of the cost of maintaining the region's public administration and increasing the quality of regional governance;improving regional policies to support people in the aftermath of a pandemic;developing the infrastructure and businesses implementing lean technologies. The author developed an algorithm for the formation and realization of regional socio-economic policy according to the principles of lean production during the pandemic, as well as describes the features of its implementation in the Belgorod Region. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.
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The main purpose of the study is to model the process of managing the creative development of the socio-economic system in the conditions of influence of COVID-19 pandemic. For this, we have applied the methodology of functional modeling and graphical display, which includes the possibility of structural analysis and serves as effective information technology for any control system. Socio-economic systems are a large number of complex organizational structures with a large number of management processes. The largest of these are companies and organizations with appropriate personnel, on which it depends on where the company will move. It is impossible to compete without creative development. For an illustrative example, we used the current socioeconomic system in the form of a company, in which creativity and creative development play an important role. As a result, we reflected how, through a convenient and easy-to-use model, it is possible to form clear steps and stages that would informatively reflect creative development for the socio-economic system (company).
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The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted everyday life globally, with severe consequences in several countries and regions. A key concern related to the COVID-19 pandemic is the wide variation in mortality across nations and sub-national locations such as states and counties. Anecdotal evidence, as well as evidence from CDC, indicates that the risk of spread as well as the risk of mortality from the pandemic is higher for regions with a population characterized by disadvantaged economic (income) and racial (underserved communities) and demographic profiles (age). Multiple studies have indicated that the most crucial step toward reducing mortality is expanding critical care capacity through procuring personal protective equipment (PPE) and ventilators and training critical care frontline employees. It is projected that with exponential growth in the pandemic spread, many regions would fall short of critical care capacity, increasing mortality.Furthermore, the pandemic has imposed high levels of constraints on resource availability, even in developed nations. Under resource constraints in critical care delivery, mitigation strategies need to account for the variation in observed cases and the disparity in mortality across locations. In my dissertation, I make a concerted effort to contribute toward understanding the sources of variation in mortality and propose a framework that enables pandemic preparedness and mitigation strategies that encapsulate the spatial and temporal variation in risk of mortality from COVID-19. The mitigation strategies are divided into supply-side and demand-side moderators of mortality. Accordingly, I focus on two mitigation strategies: (i) ICU capacity as a supply-side moderator and (ii) Vaccination coverage as a demand-side moderator. The overarching objective of my dissertation is to understand the role of supply-side and demand-side moderators of mortality, independently and jointly, of the association between socio-economic, demographic (henceforth referred to as social), and clinical risk factors and COVID-19 mortality. Much of the epidemiological literature on COVID-19 has focused on reducing the spread. However, the ultimate goal is to reduce mortality. There is a necessity in both practice and academic literature to understand actionable policies that can reduce mortality in general and spatial variation of mortality in specific. This dissertation research primarily leverages empirical methodology combining matching procedures with fixed effect modeling of panel data to test the hypothesized relationships of interest. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
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As of April 30, Vietnam has a total of 270 confirmed cases of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and no death, numbers that are significantly low compared to other neighboring countries. Besides, with no new cases reported in the past few days, and 222 cases have recovered. So far, Vietnam, which borders with China, where the COVID-19 originated, has done an excellent job in fighting the outbreak with limited resources compared to wealthy Western countries. In order to prevent further spread, Vietnamese authorities have enforced social distancing, many restaurants and businesses have shuttered, tourists have left, and many residents are out of work. As a result, the Vietnam economy and residents have been primarily affected. In this paper, the author will review how the Vietnamese Government combat the COVID-19 pandemic successfully, manage socio-economic impact as well as support poor people and workers. Lastly, the author will provide recommendations to Vietnam's Government to reduce the impact of coronavirus in tourist field. © 2023 Author(s).
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The COVID-19 has impacted the social economy of various provinces in China to varying degrees. How to quickly restore the social economy has become the most concerned issue of the Party, the country and all sectors of society. This paper combines the entropy weight method and TOPSIS method-technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution, taking the financial policy transmission mechanism as the theoretical basis, and selects the data of 29 provinces in China to obtain the contribution of finance in the socio-economic resilience under the pandemic situation. The empirical analysis results show that the weights of financial policy, pandemic situation and financial basis are different. It can be clearly seen from the weight data that the financial basis is crucial to the socio-economic resilience. Although the COVID-19 pandemic will cause huge losses to the whole society and will also seriously hinder the socio-economic recovery, the effective implementation of financial policies and the good trend of the pandemic situation have a significant promoting effect on the socio-economic recovery. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated that the lack of consideration of the local specifics of territories, such as the specifics of socio-economic interactions, labor market characteristics, leads to serious social or economic consequences when developing response measures to epidemiological threats. The creation of a typology of territories (urban districts / okrugs) makes it possible to more accurately select measures to regulate socio-economic interactions in the event of future complications of the epidemiological situation. Clustering of municipalities according to a set of local factors that significantly explain the severity of the pandemic in the first year made it possible to identify three types of urban districts that differ in population size and intensity of socio-economic interactions (SEI): these are key service centers with a high intensity of SEI, local centers with medium SEI intensity, small towns with low SEI intensity. © 2023 Spatial Economics. All rights reserved.
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The paper aims to identify the peculiarities of the digital development of Russian regions in terms of socio-economic uncertainty and determine the vector of regional policy to ensure accelerated digitalization of territories. The authors analyzed the main indicators of digital development households, organizations, and public authorities of Russian regions in the pre-pandemic period compared to the period of an active course of the pandemic, as well as at the stage of military and political instability. The research identifies Russian regions where digital development processes accelerated during the period of social and economic uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as regions where digitalization limitations became evident. The analysis allowed the authors to conclude about the multidirectional influence of socio-economic uncertainty on the course of digital development processes in Russian regions. On the one hand, the transformation in consumer behavior and the new external conditions of socio-economic uncertainty during the pandemic led to an accelerated digitalization of regional economic systems. On the other hand, the socio-economic uncertainty of 2020 has caused dramatic changes in the implemented business models, formats of organizations, and the nature of employment, which manifested itself in the reduction of most indicators of digital development of organizations in 2020. For each selected group of Russian regions, the authors proposed state policy measures in the field of digital development, which is supportive and accelerated in nature. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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PurposeThis study explores Greek and Swedish consumers' attitude towards organic food consumption in order to demonstrate possible differences that can be identified based on health and ecological consciousness beliefs rather than demographic factors. The examination of an emerging and a more mature market allow the authors to provide more targeted marketing strategies that possibly increase organic food consumption in both countries.Design/methodology/approachThe authors adopt an econometric approach to the analysis of consumer behavior in relation to organic food consumption in Sweden and Greece. More specifically, the authors examine the motivations and postexperiences of organic food consumers of different socioeconomic profiles in these two countries, one in northern and one in southern Europe. The authors apply an ordered logistic regression analysis model to map out the interaction between consumer attitudes and sociodemographic variables.FindingsThe authors results show that consumers in Sweden more frequently purchase organic foods than consumers in Greece. Environmental protection and ethical values increase the odds for Swedish organic food consumers to buy organic food products. Health consciousness and family well-being are perceived as factors that increase the odds for Greek organic food consumers to buy organic foods. Sociodemographic factors do not play a pivotal role for consumer behavior in relation to organic food in both countries.Originality/valueThis study distinguishes between organic food consumers in two countries with different levels of organic food production and export activity, size of organic market, national organic labeling system and legal definition and standards of organic food. Within these differences, the organic food industry could align its marketing efforts better rather focus on simplistic demographics. The current view unfolds the fact that there are limited studies comparing two European markets at different stages of development and the factors that influence organic food consumer behavior.
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The aim of this article was to conduct research and present the results of a ratio analysis assessing the implementation of the concept of sustainable development in Polish provinces. It suggests a set of indicators tracking two of the areas of sustainable development: economic and social, in two separate periods: before the 2019 pandemic and during the 2020 pandemic. In addition to determining the performance of Lubusz Province compared to other provinces, the authors' assumption is also to identify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the implementation of economic and social sustainability goals in Poland as a whole. The key issues concerning the concept of sustainable development and the state of research on sustainability indicators at a regional level are presented with the help of literature review. On the basis ratio analysis was rated economic development of 16 Polish provinces was assessed and then benchmarked to determine the position of Lubusz Province. The proposed tracking indicators included the following aspects: economic potential, innovation of the economy, sustainable production patterns, demographic changes, job market, and social integration. The obtained results answered the question concerning the socio-economic development of Polish provinces, in particular that of Lubusz Province, in the context of sustainability before and during the pandemic.
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Plastic waste pollution has grown exponentially since the 1950s. This situation was exacerbated when the volume of personal protective equipment (PPE)-based plastic waste surged after the COVID-19 pandemic. Plastic waste management such as landfills and incineration have adverse effects on the environment and human health due to the leaching of hazardous chemicals and the emission of toxic gases. Modern solutions such as biodegradable plastics and green brick technology are expensive and not well developed to valorize the current accumulation of plastic waste. This has led to the emergence of thermal degradation processes, which is faster and more realistic to solve the PPE-based plastic waste buildup. Pyrolysis and gasification systems to valorize plastic waste into hydrocarbons and fuels are discussed and compared with examples respectively. Scoping review approach is employed to conduct this study. To further increase the value of the final product of plastic waste management, the integrated pyrolysis system to upcycle plastic waste to carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) and the factors affecting the production of non-condensable gases are critically reviewed. The importance of feedstock composition, catalyst type, pyrolysis operating condition (including gas condition and temperature profiles) based on various studies is discussed. The potential and limitation of an integrated pyrolysis system are assessed from kinetic analysis, economic analysis and life-cycle assessment. This review is expected to contribute to the industrial-scale development of sustainable upcycling of plastic waste and enhance the production of desirable gas components for CNM synthesis for environmental sustainability.
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The chapter presents and discusses the results of two surveys addressed to coworking spaces managers in Italy, during the COVID-19 pandemic, in 2020 and 2021, respectively. The strategies coworking spaces have adopted to cope with the pandemic are described, and the determinants of the coworking resilience level (e.g., size, ownership, sector specialisation, hybridization) are presented. It is explored how the coworking spaces managers have kept the community alive and the perception of the interviewees about the future in the two years. The results of the survey in 2021 show that the average level of profitability and confidence in coworking performance returned to the pre-pandemic level. The pandemic has underlined a potential key role of CSs in enhancing work-life balance and promoting the socio-economic development of peripheral and rural areas. Besides, during the pandemic, Southern Italy has attracted remote workers (e.g., "southworkers”), and promoted the so-called ‘community garrisons', willing to host them and ‘retain' young people. © 2023, The Author(s).
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India-one of the world's most densely populated countries is severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and has the second largest number of confirmed cases followed by the USA as on September 15, 2020. This chapter analyzes the overall features of the outbreak within the country as well as the micro social impacts caused by the coronavirus in India. Based on thematic content of various newspapers, magazines, and other media reports qualitative analyses, it is possible to understand the country features and social impact of the novel coronavirus pandemic. The first part of the chapter gives a general overview of the outbreak and government responses, and the second section scrutinizes the social impact in relation to micro level socio-economic consequences and epidemiological concerns. In mainstream reports, the impact of COVID-19 outbreak in India has been presented through the macro-economic indicators and emphasis on the negative economic impacts such as decline of growth rate, shrinking Gross Domestic Product (GDP), etc. However, the micro level socio-economic impacts of the outbreak, which are largely caused by the government interventions i.e., lock down, social distancing, etc., persist beyond the statistical number and have spread to every corner of the society. Although statistics revealed that the case fatality rate and death per hundred thousand is relatively low in India compared to other severely affected countries there are reasons beyond the standard epidemiological claims for this trend, reasons which are not properly addressed. This chapter concludes that while, from an epidemiological point of view, India has, thus far, been successful in handing the crisis brought by the global outbreak;however, the social consequences are much larger and need to be taken in consideration before claiming any success. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021.
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Several measures have been taken to reduce the impact of COVID-19 pandemic. One of these measures is the broad digital transformation that has rapidly and unexpectedly forced the deployment of digital technologies into corporations' business models and organizational structures. This digital transformation has affected all the socio-economic aspects. In response to the COVID-19 global pandemic, this paper explores the impact of the implementation of digital transformation on the socio-economic recovery by employing cross-sectional regression analysis on 99 countries in year 2020. The paper analyzes the impact of digital transformation on each of economic growth, health care, and income inequality. The results reveal that the digital transformation has a positive and significant impact on the GDP per capita in which a 1% increase in digital transformation results in 1.52% increase in GDP per capita, a positive and significant impact on income equality in which a 1% increase in digital transformation leads to 0.05% increase in income equality, and a negative and significant impact on infant mortality rate, in which a 1% increase in digital transformation results in 0.85% decrease in infant mortality rate which reflects its positive impact on the health care. Hence, the digital transformation has a positive and significant effects on different socio-economic aspects.
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Thailand and Vietnam have done relatively well in terms of containing the COVID-19 pandemic. While hundreds of thousands of cases and thousands of deaths have been registered in Indonesia and the Philippines, Vietnam's number of cases was only 2550 (and only 35 deaths) and Thailand 26, 679 (85 deaths) by 15 March 2021. Nevertheless, it is also important to investigate to what extent weaker sections of society have been affected by the pandemic. As is widely known, the pandemic and lockdowns have led to dramatic socioeconomic upheavals. In this chapter attention is paid to relatively under-researched groups: farmers, fishers and their households. How have they fared amidst economic disruptions? Whereas the media has focused on the impact of lockdowns on urban areas, this chapter highlights livelihood challenges as experienced in rural areas based on 240 semi-structured interviews with farmers and fishers in southern Thailand and northern Vietnam conducted between July 2020 and February 2021. Results show that domestic trade in farm products and both domestic and international trade in seafood were battered by demand slumps, lockdowns and the collapse of the Thai tourism industry. Factors that co-determine the intensity of impacts are socioeconomic status, the crops farmers grow, the size of fishing vessels and numbers of boat crews, jobs and opportunities of relatives and age. This chapter contributes to debates on the nature of poverty reduction given concerns that the pandemic is currently undoing years of progress in middle-income countries and offers options for further empirical and policy-oriented research. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.
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Pandemic of a new coronavirus infection is accompanied by advanced need for emergency medical care in Russia. However, this process is hampered by state of roads and no electricity sources in some cases. Mobile medical complexes are able to compensate this need. These ones include feldsher obstetric stations, complexes for medical examination, specialized medical complexes (Thyromobil, Mammography, mobile Diabetes Center and others), as well as convoys with diagnostic equipment (mammography, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography) and fully equipped offices of various specialists (therapist, urologist, gynecologist, ophthalmologist, endocrinologist). However, spread of such medical complexes is currently difficult in Russia. The manuscript is based on the author's analysis of publicly available documents on the state and number of mobile medical complexes in Russia. Mobile hospitals are not used in all Russian regions. Nevertheless, there is a need for qualified preventive and therapeutic services, especially in the northern and mountainous regions of our country (Pskov, Arkhangelsk regions, the republics of Komi, Karelia, Dagestan and others). The authors analyzed current situation and experience of mobile medical complexes in the Novgorod, Rostov regions and the Republic of Tatarstan. Introduction of mobile hospitals in all Russian regions within the national health strategy will improve population health including working age people and reduce costs in health care system. Medical organizations cooperate with mobile hospitals to qualifiedly meet the needs of patients in diagnosis and treatment. However, projects of mobile medical complexes and their routine implementation in each region of our country are required. This is a priority task for the state and local health authorities of the Russian Federation.Copyright © R.N. ABDULLABEKOV, V.E. FEDORCHUK, T.V. MINNIKOVA.
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Pacific Small Island Countries (PSICs) could have been heavily affected by COVID-19 in terms of human security due to their healthcare limited capacity, reliance on food imports, and tourism industry, but because of their rapid response, the spread of the virus in their territories was prevented. The chapter will make a review of the region responses to the pandemic by examining the recommendations of the UN framework for the immediate socio-economic response to COVID-19. Since the region is one of the major international aid recipients, the study will review international aid through multilateral and bilateral channels in addition to national and community level responses on public health and socio-economic areas. The sources of the analysis are the database of global governmental measures to combat COVID-19 (ACAPS), governmental websites, international organizations regional reports on COVID-19 and scientific articles. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer 2022.